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Over the last two centuries, the American home has undergone a dramatic transformation. What was once a modest shelter designed for large, multi-generational families has become an expansive space for fewer people. In 1790, the average home measured just 831 square feet and housed an average of 5.5 people. Fast forward to 2023, and the average home size has ballooned to 2,233 square feet, while the average household size has shrunk to 2.5 people. This shift reflects profound changes in society, economics, and lifestyle preferences. So, why are houses getting bigger while families are getting smaller? The answer lies in a combination of factors: economic growth, changing cultural values, advances in homebuilding, and the rise of personal comfort as a priority. Let’s take a closer look at the history of home sizes, household trends, and the key reasons behind this shift. A Brief History of the American Home Early American Homes (1790–1850) In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, homes were small and primarily functional. The average house in 1790 was 831 square feet, accommodating about 5.5 people per household. By 1850, homes had only grown slightly to 888 square feet, while household sizes remained the same. These early homes were built for practicality. Most families relied on agriculture, and large households were necessary for farming. Multi-generational living was common, with grandparents, parents, and children often under one roof. Extra space was not a priority—every square foot had to serve a purpose. The Turn of the 20th Century (1910) By 1910, the average home size had increased to 945 square feet, and the average household had shrunk to 4.5 people. This period saw the rise of industrialization, leading to urbanization and changes in family structure. People moved to cities for work, and extended families started living separately. The concept of the nuclear family—parents and children living alone—began taking hold. Additionally, technological advancements like indoor plumbing, electricity, and gas heating improved the functionality of homes, making smaller, more efficient spaces feasible. Post-War Boom and the Suburban Expansion (1970) The most dramatic shift in home size came after World War II. By 1970, the average house size had grown to 1,500 square feet, while the average household had shrunk to just over three people. Several factors drove this change: • Economic Prosperity: The post-war economic boom gave many Americans access to homeownership. Mortgage programs like the GI Bill made buying a house more affordable. • Suburbanization: The rise of the automobile and the expansion of highway systems led to suburban sprawl. Land was more readily available, allowing for larger homes. • Cultural Shifts: The American Dream increasingly included a spacious home with a backyard, white picket fence, and modern amenities. The introduction of mass production in homebuilding, spearheaded by companies like Levitt & Sons, also made larger homes more affordable. The Modern McMansion Era (2019–2023) By the 21st century, home sizes exploded. In 2019, the average house size reached 2,496 square feet, despite the average household dropping to 2.5 people. Key drivers of this trend included: • Rising Wealth and Consumerism: Higher disposable incomes allowed Americans to invest in larger homes with more features. • Technological Advancements: Central air conditioning, energy-efficient materials, and smart home technology made bigger homes more appealing. • Desire for Personal Space: Homeowners now expect multiple bathrooms, dedicated home offices, media rooms, and large kitchens. Interestingly, in 2023, the average home size decreased slightly to 2,233 square feet, possibly due to economic shifts, rising interest rates, and a renewed focus on efficient living. Why Are Homes Getting Bigger? The steady increase in home size can be attributed to several key factors: 1. Rising Incomes and Affordability As the U.S. economy grew, so did Americans’ ability to afford larger homes. Increased wages, dual-income households, and easy access to credit made it possible to buy bigger houses with more amenities. 2. Changing Consumer Preferences In the 20th century, homeownership became a symbol of success. The American Dream expanded beyond just owning a home—it now included owning a big home with extra bedrooms, large kitchens, and entertainment spaces. Features like open floor plans, walk-in closets, and home theaters became standard. In recent years, the demand for home offices and exercise rooms has further increased home sizes. 3. Technological and Construction Advances New materials and construction techniques have made it cheaper and faster to build large homes. Prefabricated materials, drywall, and improved insulation have reduced costs while increasing efficiency. 4. Suburban Sprawl Unlike early American cities where space was limited, suburban expansion provided ample room for larger homes. Zoning laws often encouraged larger lot sizes, making big houses the norm. Why Are Households Getting Smaller? While homes have grown, household sizes have declined. The average household has shrunk from 5.5 people in 1790 to 2.5 people today. Several social and demographic shifts explain this trend: 1. Declining Birth Rates American families are having fewer children. In the early 1900s, it was common for families to have five or more kids, but today, the average is closer to two children or fewer. As a result, homes don’t need to accommodate as many people. 2. Longer Life Expectancy People are living longer, but many elderly individuals prefer to stay in their own homes rather than live with their adult children. This shift means fewer multi-generational households. 3. Rise of Single-Person Households More people are living alone due to delayed marriage, increased divorce rates, and changing social norms. Today, nearly 30% of U.S. households consist of just one person. 4. Economic and Career Factors Careers often require relocation, making it less practical for extended families to live together. Additionally, the increased cost of raising children has made large families less financially viable. Is Bigger Always Better? While larger homes offer more comfort and space, they also come with downsides: 1. Higher Costs Bigger homes mean higher mortgage payments, property taxes, utility bills, and maintenance costs. Many homeowners find themselves “house poor,” spending a significant portion of their income on their homes. 2. Environmental Impact Larger homes consume more energy and resources, contributing to higher carbon footprints. The trend toward energy-efficient, smaller homes has emerged in response to these concerns. 3. Changing Preferences Some homebuyers are pushing back against oversized homes. The tiny home movement, urban living, and interest in minimalism reflect a shift toward smaller, more efficient spaces. Conclusion: Where Are We Headed? The historical trend of increasing home sizes and shrinking households is unlikely to reverse overnight. However, factors like affordability challenges, environmental concerns, and changing lifestyles could slow the growth of home sizes in the future. While many Americans still dream of spacious homes, there’s a growing awareness that bigger isn’t always better. The future may bring a balance—homes that prioritize functionality, sustainability, and community living over sheer size. Ultimately, the evolution of the American home reflects our shifting values, priorities, and way of life. Whether big or small, the ideal home is one that meets the needs of those who live in it.

The tragic deaths of actor Gene Hackman and his wife, Betsy Arakawa, and their dog in their Santa Fe home have brought renewed attention to the dangers of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. While the exact cause of their deaths remains under investigation, initial speculations have considered CO poisoning as a potential factor.  What is Carbon Monoxide? Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels such as natural gas, propane, wood, and coal. Due to its undetectable nature, CO is often referred to as the “silent killer.” When inhaled, it binds to hemoglobin in the blood, reducing the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity and leading to tissue damage and potentially death. Sources of Carbon Monoxide in the Home Common household sources of CO include: • Furnaces and Boilers: Malfunctioning heating systems can emit CO if not properly maintained. • Gas Water Heaters: Faulty units can release CO into the home. • Fireplaces and Wood Stoves: Improper ventilation or blockages can lead to CO buildup. • Gas Stoves and Ovens: Using these appliances for heating can produce dangerous CO levels. • Portable Generators: Running generators indoors or in enclosed spaces can result in CO accumulation. How Faulty Furnaces Contribute to CO Poisoning Furnaces are designed to safely burn fuel and vent exhaust gases, including CO, outside the home. However, several issues can compromise this safety: • Cracked Heat Exchangers: A damaged heat exchanger can allow CO to leak into the home’s air supply. • Blocked or Leaking Flue Pipes: Obstructions or leaks can prevent CO from being properly vented outdoors. • Inadequate Ventilation: Insufficient air supply can lead to incomplete combustion, increasing CO production. • Poor Maintenance: Neglecting regular furnace inspections and maintenance can result in undetected issues leading to CO leaks. Symptoms of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Early symptoms of CO poisoning are often mistaken for the flu and may include: • Headache • Dizziness • Nausea • Fatigue • Shortness of breath Prolonged exposure can lead to more severe symptoms: • Confusion • Chest pain • Vision problems • Loss of consciousness Without prompt intervention, CO poisoning can be fatal. Preventing Carbon Monoxide Poisoning To safeguard your household from CO exposure: 1. Install CO Detectors: Place detectors near sleeping areas and on every level of your home. Regularly test and replace batteries as needed. 2. Regular Maintenance: Have heating systems, water heaters, and other fuel-burning appliances inspected annually by qualified professionals. 3. Ensure Proper Ventilation: Keep vents and flues free of debris and ensure they direct exhaust outside. 4. Use Appliances Correctly: Never use ovens or stoves to heat your home. Avoid running generators or grills indoors or in enclosed spaces. 5. Be Cautious with Vehicles: Do not leave cars running in garages, even with the door open, as CO can seep into living areas. Case Highlight: The Goldstein Family Tragedy In December 2024, the Goldstein family was found deceased in their New Hampshire vacation home due to a suspected CO leak from a malfunctioning propane heating system. The residence lacked CO detectors, underscoring the critical need for such devices in all homes.  Carbon monoxide poisoning is a preventable hazard. Regular maintenance of fuel-burning appliances, proper ventilation, and the installation of CO detectors are essential steps in protecting your household. Awareness and proactive measures can prevent tragedies associated with this silent killer. Minnesota Department of Health has an excellent brochure that can be found at this link: https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/air/docs/cobrochure.pdf and I've included it here as well as an attachment.

Throughout the crises of recent years, U.S. home prices have continued to climb. While the coronavirus pandemic and the advent of remote work saw demand and costs skyrocket, runaway inflation and Fed hikes caused mortgage rates to rise and slowed price increases somewhat. However, in July of 2024, Redfin estimated the median U.S. home price at $439,170. This is less than June's record of $442,479, but still more than when the market first moderated after the substantial Fed rate hikes (around $432,000 in May 2022). For comparison, in the 7 County Twin Cities Region ( Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott and Washington) the Minnesota Realtors® latest report for January 2025 shows the median price of homes at $375,000. And for the entire state of Minnesota: Between May of 2022 and March of 2020 - when the coronavirus pandemic began - the median U.S. home price increased by 42 percent, up from $304,000, when not adjusting for inflation. U.S. home sales used follow a cyclical pattern, with most demand and higher prices in summer and less demand a lower prices in winter. However, this dynamic has been somewhat upset since 2020. Since then, home prices have risen much more in-season than they have fallen off-season while the supply of homes for sale became more and more scarce. According to MarketWatch, the pandemic housing market actually collided with other, longer-term developments that were already putting pressure on the U.S. home market and its housing supply. Mortgage rates that were once again rising slightly were causing more Americans to stay put rather than move. Also, homeowners are older now than they used to be, but are more likely to "age in place" instead of downgrading, snowbirding or moving into retirement communities. The average time between moves had already reached a high of 13.5 years in 2020, increasing from just around ten years in 2012, and only started to fall again in 2021 as the pandemic prompted more moving activity.

In recent years, homeowners across the United States have faced skyrocketing costs for both new home construction and remodeling. The increase in material prices, labor shortages, and supply chain disruptions have all contributed to a surge in cost per square foot. But nowhere is this financial strain more devastating than in California, where homeowners affected by wildfires are discovering that their insurance policies no longer cover the actual cost of rebuilding their homes. This was highlighted in an article in today's MN Star Tribune, "For most fire victims, insurance won't pay enough to rebuild". Many Californians have long believed they were adequately insured—only to realize, when disaster strikes, that they are woefully underinsured. With the increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires, the gap between policy coverage and actual rebuilding costs has left thousands in financial ruin. As a HUD consultant I am privy to the details of the bids on remodeling projects ranging from $50 - $200K. Broken down by material and labor it never ceases to amaze me the costs related to the housing industry. This blog explores why the cost of home construction has risen so dramatically, how it has contributed to the underinsurance crisis, and what homeowners can do to protect themselves. Don't let this happen to you in your home, regardless of where you live. The Rising Cost Per Square Foot of Building and Remodeling The cost per square foot for both new home construction and remodeling has increased dramatically over the last decade. A home that cost $150 per square foot to build five years ago may now cost $250–$350 per square foot—or more, depending on location and materials used. Several key factors have contributed to this surge: 1. Supply Chain Disruptions and Material Costs The COVID-19 pandemic exposed deep vulnerabilities in global supply chains, leading to shortages of essential building materials like lumber, steel, and concrete. Prices for these materials have been highly volatile. For example, lumber prices quadrupled in 2021 before stabilizing, only to rise again in subsequent years due to increased demand and supply chain bottlenecks. Other materials—such as copper wiring, PVC pipes, and even drywall—have also seen significant price hikes. Tariffs on imported materials and trade disputes have further compounded these costs, making building projects more expensive than ever. 2. Labor Shortages in the Construction Industry The construction labor force has been shrinking, with fewer young workers entering the trades and experienced workers retiring. The shortage of skilled labor has driven up wages, making construction and remodeling projects more expensive. 3. Stricter Building Codes and Environmental Regulations In fire-prone areas like California, new building codes require homes to be more fire-resistant. While these measures are crucial for safety, they also add to construction costs. Features like fire-resistant siding, tempered glass, sprinkler systems, and non-combustible roofing materials have all increased the baseline cost of construction. Codes are constantly being modified and updated in cities, states, and across the country. 4. Increased Demand for Housing California’s ongoing housing crisis has pushed demand for new construction higher, further straining an already struggling supply chain. With more people seeking homes, competition for materials and labor has intensified, leading to higher costs. Again not just a California problem. Supply chains are constricted everywhere. It appears to be the new normal. The Underinsurance Crisis in California The rising cost per square foot of construction is not just an issue for those building new homes or undertaking renovations—it has also exposed a major flaw in homeowners’ insurance policies. Many California homeowners who have lost their homes in wildfires have discovered that their insurance payouts are far lower than the actual cost of rebuilding. 1. How Underinsurance Happens Many homeowners purchase insurance policies based on outdated estimates of what it would cost to rebuild their homes. This issue has been exacerbated by: • Inflation and Rising Construction Costs: If a home was insured for $300,000 five years ago, that amount might not be nearly enough to rebuild today. • Standard Policy Limits: Many policies include caps on coverage that do not adjust in real-time with market changes. • Failure to Update Policies: Homeowners often assume that their insurance provider will automatically adjust coverage levels, but that is not always the case. 2. The Impact of Wildfires and Climate Change Wildfires have become more destructive in recent years, fueled by prolonged droughts, extreme heat, and dry vegetation. Areas that were once considered safe from wildfires are now at risk, and the cost of rebuilding in these areas has surged. In some cases, homeowners are left with insurance payouts that cover only a fraction of the actual cost to rebuild, forcing them to take out loans, drain savings, or leave their communities altogether. 3. The Insurance Industry’s Response Insurance companies have responded to these rising risks by: • Increasing Premiums: Many homeowners have seen their insurance premiums double or triple. • Reducing Coverage: Some policies now exclude wildfire damage entirely, forcing homeowners to seek expensive specialty policies. • Withdrawing from High-Risk Areas: Some major insurers, including State Farm and Allstate, have stopped offering new homeowner policies in parts of California due to the financial risks associated with wildfires. What Homeowners Can Do to Protect Themselves For homeowners in California and other disaster-prone areas, underinsurance is a growing concern. Here are some steps to ensure your policy keeps up with rising construction costs: 1. Review and Update Your Insurance Policy Annually Don’t assume your policy will automatically adjust to market changes. Review your coverage each year to make sure it reflects the current cost per square foot to rebuild. 2. Consider Extended Replacement Cost Coverage Standard policies may not be enough. Look for policies with extended replacement cost coverage, which provides additional funds (often 25%–50% above the policy limit) in case rebuilding costs exceed expectations. 3. Get a Professional Rebuilding Cost Estimate Many insurance policies are based on outdated or generic estimates. Hire a contractor or independent appraiser to provide an up-to-date estimate of what it would cost to rebuild your home. 4. Keep an Updated Home Inventory In the event of a total loss, having a detailed inventory of your home’s contents will help ensure you receive a fair settlement. Document valuables, appliances, and upgrades with photos and receipts. Conclusion The rising cost per square foot of construction and the devastating impact of California wildfires have converged to create a crisis of underinsurance. Thousands of homeowners are finding themselves in financial ruin after losing their homes, not because they didn’t have insurance, but because their policies were based on outdated rebuilding costs. This is not an issue specific just to California. As construction costs continue to rise homeowners must take proactive steps to ensure they have adequate coverage. Reviewing policies and updating coverage limits with your insurance agent can make the difference between financial stability and devastation in the wake of a disaster. In the end, the best defense against underinsurance is awareness and preparation. With the right steps, homeowners can protect their investments and ensure that, should disaster strike, they have the financial resources to rebuild and recover.

2024 Annual Housing Market Report Buyers in 2024 stayed persistent despite rising prices, higher rates, and a tight housing market. Statewide, home sales rose 1.1%, and new listings increased 6.4%. Though seller activity increased, many still felt the "lock-in" effect of low mortgage rates. "Motivated buyers did see more choices during much of the year, but were more cautious and selective during their search.... [and] some sellers still received multiple offers on attractive and well-priced listings,” said MNR President Patti Jo Fitzpatrick. The statewide median sales price increased 3.9% to $345,000. While prices were constrained by high mortgage rates, limited inventory kept them from falling. Despite undersupply and ongoing affordability challenges, Minnesota’s strong economy and stable job market provide a solid foundation for the future. 2024 by the Numbers:  Closed Sales: 66,735 (+1.1%)  Median Price: $345,000 (+3.9%)  Homes for Sale: 11,476 (-0.3%)  Days on Market: 42 (+10.5%) Read the full 2024 Annual Housing Market Report: https://bit.ly/42wUV9a

Air conditioning and HVAC systems play a crucial role in maintaining comfort in a residential home by regulating indoor temperatures. At the heart of these systems is the refrigeration cycle, a process that relies on the principles of heat transfer and phase changes to cool and dehumidify the air. Key components, such as the evaporator coil, outdoor condensing unit, and condenser coil, work in tandem to achieve this cooling effect. Here’s an overview of how it all works. The Basics of the Refrigeration Cycle The refrigeration cycle operates using a chemical substance known as a refrigerant. This refrigerant undergoes continuous changes in pressure and temperature, cycling between liquid and gaseous states to absorb and release heat. The cycle is driven by four main components: the compressor, the condenser coil, the expansion valve, and the evaporator coil. 1. The Evaporator Coil: Cooling the Indoor Air The refrigeration cycle begins inside the home with the evaporator coil, which is usually located in the air handler or furnace. This coil is responsible for absorbing heat from the indoor air. The refrigerant enters the evaporator coil as a cold, low-pressure liquid. A fan blows warm air from the house over the coil, and as the refrigerant absorbs the heat, it evaporates into a gas. During this process, the coil also dehumidifies the air by condensing moisture onto its surface, improving comfort. The cooled, dehumidified air is then distributed throughout the home via the ductwork. 2. The Outdoor Condensing Unit: Releasing the Heat After absorbing heat from the indoor air, the refrigerant (now a warm gas) travels to the outdoor condensing unit. This unit contains the compressor and the condenser coil, both of which are critical for releasing heat outside the home. The compressor pressurizes the refrigerant, raising its temperature significantly and converting it into a high-pressure gas. This hot refrigerant gas then flows through the condenser coil, where the heat is released into the outdoor air. A fan inside the outdoor unit aids this process by blowing air across the condenser coil, accelerating the heat dissipation. As the refrigerant loses heat, it condenses back into a high-pressure liquid. 3. Returning the Refrigerant to the Evaporator Coil Once the refrigerant has been cooled and condensed into a liquid, it passes through an expansion valve or metering device, which reduces its pressure and temperature. The refrigerant then re-enters the evaporator coil to repeat the cycle. Energy Efficiency and System Maintenance For this cycle to function efficiently, all components must be in good condition. Dirty coils, a failing compressor, or refrigerant leaks can reduce system performance and increase energy usage. Regular maintenance, such as cleaning the coils and ensuring proper refrigerant levels, helps maintain efficiency and prolongs the life of the system. The refrigeration cycle in a residential HVAC system is a marvel of engineering, utilizing heat transfer and phase changes to cool and dehumidify indoor air. By understanding the role of components like the evaporator coil, outdoor condensing unit, and condenser coil, homeowners can appreciate how their air conditioning systems keep them comfortable, even on the hottest days.

The components and operation of a gas-powered forced-air furnace, a common heating system in residential homes. Air from the home is drawn through the return registers and ducts by the blower motor, passing through a filter to remove dust and debris. The filtered air then enters the combustion chamber, where gas burners heat the air via the heat exchanger. Warm air is distributed through supply ducts and registers to the rooms. The exhaust stack safely vents combustion gases outside, while the draft hood regulates air pressure to ensure efficient operation. A damper handle in the supply duct helps control airflow. Key safety features include the gas shutoff valve and flame sensor or electronic igniter, which ensure safe and efficient combustion. This system combines reliable heating with proper airflow management, creating a comfortable and energy-efficient indoor environment. Regular maintenance of the filter, blower, and burners ensures optimal performance and longevity.

The Impossible Dream: Homeownership for Young Americans For generations, homeownership has symbolized the American Dream. It’s been more than just a place to live—it’s represented stability, independence, and a pathway to building wealth. Yet, for today’s young Americans, the dream of owning a home is becoming increasingly unattainable. Rising home prices, stagnant wages, crushing student debt, and high interest rates have created a perfect storm that has left many feeling like homeownership is out of reach. Soaring Home Prices The U.S. housing market has seen an unprecedented surge in home prices over the last decade. According to data from the National Association of Realtors, the median price of a home in the U.S. skyrocketed from around $200,000 in 2012 to over $400,000 in 2023. While some of this growth is tied to supply and demand, it’s also been fueled by limited housing inventory and a growing population. The result? First-time buyers are finding it nearly impossible to save enough for a down payment, let alone afford monthly mortgage payments. Wages That Aren’t Keeping Up Compounding the problem is the disparity between wage growth and housing costs. While home prices have more than doubled in recent years, wage growth has lagged far behind. Young Americans entering the workforce are often faced with starting salaries that fail to reflect inflation and the rising cost of living. Even those with stable incomes often find themselves spending an outsized portion of their earnings on rent, leaving little to save for a home purchase. The Burden of Student Debt For many Millennials and Gen Zers, student loan debt is another significant obstacle. The average college graduate now leaves school with over $30,000 in debt, which limits their ability to save for a down payment or qualify for a mortgage. Monthly loan payments often consume a large chunk of disposable income, delaying financial milestones like buying a home, starting a family, or building long-term wealth. High Interest Rates Add to the Pain Recent hikes in interest rates have dealt yet another blow to aspiring homeowners. Mortgage rates that hovered around 3% in the early 2020s have since climbed to over 7%, dramatically increasing the cost of borrowing. For example, a $300,000 mortgage at 3% interest costs around $1,200 per month, while the same mortgage at 7% jumps to over $2,000. These rate increases have priced many young buyers out of the market entirely. The Rental Trap As homeownership becomes less attainable, more young Americans are forced to rent. This creates a vicious cycle: rising rents consume potential savings for a down payment, keeping the dream of owning a home further out of reach. In some cases, young renters find themselves paying more in rent than they would for a mortgage—but without the benefit of building equity or securing long-term financial stability. What Can Be Done? Addressing this crisis requires a multi-faceted approach. Increasing the availability of affordable housing, reforming zoning laws, lowering interest rates / inflation, and offering first-time buyer incentives could help level the playing field. The dream of owning a home remains a cornerstone of the American identity. However, without meaningful change, it risks becoming an impossible dream for millions of young Americans. It’s time to take action to ensure the next generation can experience the stability and opportunity that homeownership provides.

The Forever Chemicals: PFOAs, PFAs, and Their Impact on the Minnesota Twin Cities Area In recent years, the growing awareness of “forever chemicals,” such as PFOAs (perfluorooctanoic acid) and PFAs (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), has sparked concern across the nation. These man-made chemicals, resistant to water, oil, and heat, have been linked to severe environmental and health issues. In the Minnesota Twin Cities area, the discovery of PFOAs and PFAs in water sources has highlighted the profound impact these substances can have on communities, including their potential effect on property values. What Are PFOAs and PFAs? PFOAs and PFAs are part of a large group of synthetic chemicals used since the 1940s in a variety of industrial and consumer products. These chemicals were prized for their nonstick and water-resistant properties, making them common in items such as nonstick cookware, water-resistant clothing, stain-resistant fabrics, and firefighting foams. The problem with these chemicals lies in their stability—they do not break down easily in the environment or the human body, leading to the nickname “forever chemicals.” As they accumulate, they have been linked to adverse health effects, including: • Increased cholesterol levels • Immune system suppression • Certain cancers, such as kidney and testicular cancer • Reproductive and developmental issues The Discovery of Forever Chemicals in the Twin Cities Minnesota’s Twin Cities area has become a notable example of the contamination caused by forever chemicals. The issue came to light in the early 2000s when the 3M Company, a major industrial player in Minnesota, was implicated in the contamination of local water sources. 3M had manufactured PFAs at its Cottage Grove facility for decades. Waste disposal practices, including the dumping of chemical waste in landfills and unlined pits, led to the seepage of these harmful substances into groundwater. Testing in areas such as Woodbury, Cottage Grove, Oakdale, and Lake Elmo revealed alarming levels of PFA contamination. The state of Minnesota sued 3M in 2010, alleging that the company had knowingly contaminated the water supply. In 2018, 3M reached an $850 million settlement with the state, funds intended to address water contamination and restore natural resources. Health and Environmental Concerns in the Twin Cities The discovery of PFOAs and PFAs in the Twin Cities raised significant health and environmental concerns. Residents of affected communities have voiced fears about potential long-term health effects, including cancer risks and developmental issues in children. Contaminated water sources have necessitated costly remediation efforts, including installing filtration systems and drilling deeper wells. The environmental impact is equally concerning. These chemicals have contaminated lakes, rivers, and wildlife in the Twin Cities area. The Mississippi River, a vital waterway, has also been affected, raising concerns about the broader ecosystem. Effect on Property Values One of the less-discussed but critical aspects of PFOA and PFA contamination is its impact on property values. The presence of forever chemicals in a community can significantly influence home prices and real estate market trends. In the Twin Cities area, several factors come into play: 1. Stigma and Public Perception Homes located in areas associated with PFA contamination often carry a stigma that deters potential buyers. Even if remediation efforts are in place, the lingering association with toxic chemicals can reduce buyer confidence. This stigma is particularly pronounced in cities like Lake Elmo and Oakdale, where residents have actively raised concerns about water safety. 2. Higher Costs for Homeowners Contamination often leads to higher costs for homeowners, including increased water bills due to filtration systems or additional costs to connect to alternative water sources. Potential buyers may view these extra expenses as a deterrent, further impacting property values. 3. Legal and Regulatory Uncertainty The evolving nature of regulations surrounding PFAs can add an element of uncertainty to the real estate market. Homebuyers may worry about future liabilities or the possibility of new contamination discoveries, leading to hesitancy in investing in affected areas. 4. Decline in Desirability Communities that gain notoriety for contamination issues often see a decline in desirability. Families seeking safe, clean environments may avoid these areas altogether, reducing demand for properties and driving prices downward. 5. Uneven Recovery While remediation efforts can improve water quality, the real estate market often takes longer to recover. The Twin Cities area has seen some progress, but it will take years to fully rebuild trust and restore property values to their pre-contamination levels. Potential for Recovery Despite these challenges, there is potential for recovery in the Twin Cities area. Several factors could help mitigate the impact of forever chemicals on property values: 1. Comprehensive Remediation Efforts Minnesota’s $850 million settlement with 3M is being used for water treatment projects, including advanced filtration systems and alternative water sources. These efforts can reassure residents and potential buyers about the safety of the local water supply. 2. Transparency and Public Engagement Communities that prioritize transparency and public engagement are more likely to rebuild trust. Providing regular updates on remediation efforts, conducting health studies, and involving residents in decision-making can help restore confidence. 3. Real Estate Disclosure Practices Mandating the disclosure of contamination history and remediation measures during property transactions can protect buyers and sellers alike. While disclosure may initially deter buyers, it can ultimately foster trust in the market. 4. Long-Term Investments Investing in community amenities, such as parks, schools, and public spaces, can help offset the negative perception caused by contamination. These improvements can make affected areas more attractive to potential buyers over time. 5. Federal and State Regulations Stronger federal and state regulations on PFOAs and PFAs can prevent future contamination and provide clear guidelines for addressing existing issues. Robust regulatory frameworks can help stabilize property markets and reassure residents. For more information on this topic: Fox News Interview with a former 3M Scientist https://youtu.be/Imdv4gNa3fM?si=zcULZiXYH6i9odvv

Most of my corporate life I have been a leader in a manufacturing facility, specifically the maintenance department. My mantra has always been one of "preventative maintenance" vs. running to failure. Simply stated, it can be summarized by the old saying, "pay me now or pay me later". And pay me later is typically much, much more. While this message seemed so logical and clear to me, many times it was difficult to sell up the food chain. The short term savings are difficult to show and that does not garner much support in a plant that makes "widgets" and has daily / weekly / monthly cost goals to be met. This message could be broadened to cover so many other areas. Our own homes we live in, our neighborhoods, our states, our country. Do we have the same running to failure in our own instant gratification society that we live in? As of January 15, 2025, Southern California is grappling with a series of devastating wildfires that have resulted in significant loss of life and property. The most severe of these, the Palisades Fire, has consumed over 23,700 acres, destroyed more than 5,300 structures, and claimed at least eight lives.  Similarly, the Eaton Fire has burned approximately 14,117 acres, destroyed around 7,000 structures, and resulted in 17 fatalities.  In total, these wildfires have led to the destruction of over 12,000 structures and the evacuation of more than 205,000 residents across Los Angeles County and surrounding areas.  The rapid spread and intensity of these fires can be attributed to several factors. A prolonged drought has left vegetation exceptionally dry and highly flammable. This situation was exacerbated by an extreme Santa Ana wind event, with gusts reaching up to 100 mph, which fanned the flames and facilitated their swift expansion.  Additionally, the region has experienced eight months without measurable rainfall, further contributing to the arid conditions that fuel wildfires.  In response to the escalating crisis, local and state authorities have declared a state of emergency. Governor Gavin Newsom has mobilized additional firefighting resources, and President Joe Biden has approved a Major Disaster Declaration to facilitate federal assistance.  Despite these efforts, containment remains challenging due to the severe weather conditions and the sheer scale of the fires. The current situation underscores the need for comprehensive wildfire prevention and mitigation strategies. Several measures could have been implemented to reduce the risk and impact of such catastrophic events: Vegetation Management: Regular clearing of dry brush and dead trees can significantly reduce the amount of fuel available for wildfires. Implementing controlled burns and mechanical thinning in high-risk areas would help manage vegetation density and decrease fire intensity.  Infrastructure Upgrades: Modernizing the electrical grid to prevent equipment failures that can spark fires is crucial. This includes replacing aging power lines, insulating conductors, and implementing advanced monitoring systems to detect faults before they lead to ignition.  Land Use Planning: Restricting development in fire-prone areas and enforcing strict building codes that require fire-resistant materials can mitigate property damage and loss of life. Urban planning should consider fire risk assessments to guide safe development.  Community Education and Preparedness: Educating residents about wildfire risks and preparedness measures, such as creating defensible space around properties and developing evacuation plans, can enhance community resilience. Public awareness campaigns and community drills are effective tools in this regard.  Climate Change Mitigation: Addressing the broader issue of climate change, which contributes to prolonged droughts and extreme weather events, is essential. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and investing in sustainable practices can help mitigate the underlying factors exacerbating wildfire risks.  Implementing these measures requires coordinated efforts among government agencies, utility companies, communities, and individuals. While it is impossible to eliminate wildfire risks entirely, proactive steps can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of such events, protecting lives, property, and the environment. I pray for the safety of all the people directly affected, specifically the responders and those that live in the neighborhoods. Unfortunately, this is sometimes what pay me later can look like. We need to demand more of our elected officials and those that hold leadership positions that oversee our infrastructure.

Understanding Radon in the Home: The Invisible Danger to Your Health Radon is a silent, invisible, and odorless threat that could be lurking in your home without you even knowing it. As the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States after smoking, radon exposure is a significant public health concern. Yet, many people are unaware of its dangers or the simple steps they can take to protect themselves and their families. January is Radon Awareness Month, making it the perfect time to educate yourself about radon, its risks, and how to mitigate its presence in your home. What is Radon? Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that forms when uranium in soil, rock, and water breaks down over time. It is present in varying levels in the air we breathe, but it becomes a health hazard when it accumulates in enclosed spaces such as homes, schools, and workplaces. Radon typically enters buildings through cracks in the foundation, gaps around pipes, and other openings in contact with the ground. Since radon is invisible and odorless, the only way to know if your home has elevated radon levels is through testing. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that nearly 1 in 15 homes in the U.S. have radon levels above the recommended action level of 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/L). Why is Radon Dangerous? Radon is a carcinogen, meaning it can cause cancer. When you inhale radon gas, its radioactive particles can become trapped in your lungs, where they decay and release small bursts of energy. Over time, this radiation damages lung tissue and increases the risk of developing lung cancer. According to the EPA, radon is responsible for about 21,000 lung cancer deaths each year in the U.S. alone. Smokers exposed to radon are at even greater risk, as the combination of smoking and radon exposure significantly multiplies the likelihood of developing lung cancer. How Does Radon Enter Your Home? Radon enters homes through the following common pathways: • Cracks in foundation walls and floors • Gaps around service pipes or electrical wires • Construction joints • Crawl spaces • Sump pumps and drainage systems Because radon originates in the soil, any part of your home that is in direct contact with the ground is vulnerable. Radon levels can vary significantly from one home to the next, even in the same neighborhood, due to differences in soil composition and building construction. Testing for Radon Since radon cannot be detected by sight, smell, or taste, testing is the only way to determine if your home has unsafe levels. Radon testing is simple, affordable, and widely available. There are two main types of radon tests: 1. Short-Term Tests: These tests typically last between 2 and 7 days and provide a quick snapshot of radon levels in your home. They are ideal for initial screening. 2. Long-Term Tests: These tests measure radon levels for 90 days or longer, giving a more accurate picture of your home’s year-round radon exposure. Both types of tests can be purchased online, at hardware stores, or through certified radon professionals. For the most reliable results, follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully, and place the test kit in the lowest level of your home that is frequently used, such as a basement or first floor. Reducing Radon Levels in Your Home If your radon test reveals levels above 4 pCi/L, the EPA recommends taking action to reduce radon in your home. Fortunately, there are effective mitigation strategies available. 1. Hire a Certified Radon Mitigation Professional A qualified radon professional can install a mitigation system tailored to your home. The most common system is a sub-slab depressurization system , which uses a fan and vent pipe to draw radon gas from beneath the foundation and safely release it outside. 2. Seal Cracks and Openings While sealing cracks and gaps in your home’s foundation will not eliminate radon entirely, it can help reduce its entry and enhance the effectiveness of a mitigation system. 3. Improve Ventilation Increasing ventilation in your home, particularly in crawl spaces and basements, can help dilute radon levels and improve overall air quality. 4. Install a Radon Detector For ongoing peace of mind, consider installing a radon detector that continuously monitors radon levels and alerts you if they rise above safe limits. The Importance of Radon Awareness Month Radon Awareness Month in January is an opportunity to raise public understanding about the dangers of radon and the importance of testing and mitigation. During this time, health organizations, government agencies, and community groups work together to spread awareness and encourage homeowners to take action. Here’s how you can participate in Radon Awareness Month: • Test Your Home: Make testing a priority this month and encourage friends and family to do the same. • Share Information: Use social media to share facts about radon and its health risks, along with resources for testing and mitigation. • Attend Community Events: Look for local radon awareness events, such as free testing programs or informational workshops. • Talk to Real Estate Professionals: If you’re buying or selling a home, discuss radon testing as part of the property inspection process. Radon and Real Estate Radon is an important consideration in real estate transactions, as high radon levels can affect the value of a property. In many states, radon disclosure is required during the sale of a home. If you’re selling your home, testing for radon and addressing any issues beforehand can make your property more attractive to buyers. Conversely, if you’re buying a home, make sure radon testing is part of the inspection process to protect your family’s health. Protecting Your Family’s Health Radon is a serious health hazard, but it’s also one of the most preventable. By testing your home, mitigating high radon levels, and staying informed, you can protect your family’s health and reduce the risk of lung cancer. Take action this Radon Awareness Month—because when it comes to radon, what you don’t know can hurt you. Start by testing your home today, and encourage others to do the same. Together, we can create healthier, safer living environments for everyone. Resources for Radon Testing and Mitigation • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) : www.epa.gov/radon • National Radon Program Services : sosradon.org • American Lung Association : www.lung.org/radon • Radon Mitigation Professionals : Visit the EPA website to find certified radon mitigation specialists in your area. By taking these steps, you’ll not only protect your health but also contribute to the broader goal of increasing awareness and reducing the dangers of radon exposure in our communities.

Should You Get the Main Sewer Line Scanned Before Purchasing a Home? This was a question that I was recently asked by a friend of mine. Going back into my history with buying homes, I'm Ohfer, as in 0 for 2. Let me explain. House 1. Back in 2012 I purchased a home, sight unseen other than internet pictures, near the famous 50th and France district. Long story, but I was living in GA and it was time to leave Dodge. Older home built in 1924. When I sold it in 2015, the prospective buyer ordered a sewer scan. The problem was that the access / clean out port (to insert the camera) was DIY'd into the waste line for an elevated toilet by one of the previous owners. You can't make this stuff up. The toilet actually looked like a throne room with the added elevation. So an access had to installed to bring it up to code. Luckily no big problems with the clay sewer line out to the street but still .... Ok House 2. Fast forward to 2018 and another home was purchased. I was the buyer and I did not order a sewer scan. Unfortunately problems with slow drainage and frequent plugging happened within a year of moving in. We soon found out the inside surface of the waste line (cast iron, not PVC) had very serious scaling from mineral deposits, like magnesium and calcium. The effective inside diameter was such that plugging would be the norm if something wasn't done. About $10K later and having a really cool (and obviously expensive) machine with 3 rotating diamond blades clean all the way to the street. About 80-90 feet as I recall. Buying a home is a significant investment, and as a prospective homeowner, you want to ensure that your dream property doesn’t turn into a financial nightmare. Among the many inspections and evaluations you may consider, one often overlooked yet critical step is getting the main sewer line scanned with a camera before closing the deal. A sewer line inspection can uncover potential problems lurking beneath the surface that might otherwise go unnoticed during a traditional home inspection. However, is it worth the time and expense? Let’s explore the pros and cons of having the main sewer line scanned, helping you make an informed decision about this crucial aspect of your home purchase. What Is a Main Sewer Line Camera Inspection? A main sewer line camera inspection involves inserting a small, waterproof camera into the home’s main sewer line to inspect its condition. The camera is attached to a flexible rod, allowing it to navigate through the pipes while transmitting real-time video footage to a screen. This process helps identify potential issues such as blockages, tree root intrusions, pipe deterioration, and misaligned or collapsed pipes that could lead to costly repairs if left unchecked. The Pros of Getting a Sewer Line Camera Inspection 1. Identifying Hidden Issues Sewer line problems often remain hidden until they cause noticeable symptoms like slow drainage, backups, or foul odors. By using a camera, you can detect issues before they escalate, giving you a clearer picture of the home’s overall condition. Example: A camera inspection might reveal tree roots that have infiltrated the sewer line. While the plumbing may seem fine now, these roots could cause significant blockages in the future. 2. Avoiding Unexpected Costs Sewer line repairs can be among the most expensive home repairs, often costing thousands of dollars. Identifying problems before purchasing the home allows you to: • Negotiate with the seller to address the issue. • Factor repair costs into your budget. • Walk away from the deal if the problem is too severe. 3. Peace of Mind Knowing the sewer line is in good condition provides peace of mind as you move forward with the purchase. It eliminates the fear of unexpected plumbing emergencies shortly after moving in. 4. Understanding the Lifespan of the Sewer System A sewer camera inspection can provide insight into the age and material of the pipes, such as clay, cast iron, or PVC. Older materials may be more prone to damage and may need replacing sooner. Example: If the inspection reveals outdated clay pipes, you can plan for future upgrades and avoid surprises. 5. Tailored Homeowner Maintenance Plans If the inspection reveals minor issues, you can address them proactively with targeted maintenance. For example, you might schedule routine drain cleaning or implement measures to prevent tree root growth. The Cons of Getting a Sewer Line Camera Inspection 1. Additional Expense A sewer camera inspection typically costs between $300 and $500, depending on your location and the complexity of the job. For some buyers, this might feel like an unnecessary expense on top of other inspection costs. 2. Potential Delays Scheduling a sewer inspection might delay your home-buying process if you’re on a tight timeline. If the inspection uncovers problems, additional negotiations or repairs could further extend the timeline. 3. Uncovering Problems That Could Complicate the Sale While discovering issues is generally a good thing, it can sometimes complicate the purchase process. Sellers may be unwilling to make repairs or reduce the asking price, leading to tough decisions for buyers. 4. Not Always Necessary If the home is newly built or the seller can provide evidence of a recent sewer inspection, a camera inspection might not be necessary. However, skipping it based on assumptions can still be risky. Factors to Consider When Deciding To determine whether a sewer line camera inspection is right for you, consider the following factors: 1. Age of the Home Older homes are more likely to have aging or deteriorating sewer systems, making an inspection a wise investment. Homes built before the 1980s may have clay or cast iron pipes, which are more susceptible to cracking and corrosion. 2. History of Plumbing Issues Ask the seller or review disclosures to identify any history of sewer or plumbing problems. If there have been frequent backups or repairs, an inspection is strongly recommended. 3. Presence of Trees Near the Home Large trees near the property could mean potential root intrusion into the sewer line, even if there are no visible signs of trouble. 4. Local Sewer Conditions Research the area to learn about common sewer issues. In some regions, older neighborhoods or areas with shifting soil may have a higher risk of sewer line problems. 5. New Construction For new builds, a sewer camera inspection might not be as critical. However, improper installation or construction debris in the pipes can still cause issues, so it may still be worth considering. What Happens If Problems Are Found? If the sewer camera inspection reveals problems, you have several options: 1. Negotiate with the Seller Request that the seller address the issue before closing or reduce the purchase price to cover repair costs. 2. Request Further Evaluations In some cases, additional inspections or quotes from plumbing professionals may be needed to determine the extent of the damage and repair costs. 3. Decide Whether to Proceed Depending on the severity of the issue and the seller’s willingness to negotiate, you may need to decide whether the property is still worth pursuing. When to Skip a Sewer Line Inspection While sewer inspections are often a good idea, there are situations where they might not be necessary: • The home is newly built, and the developer provides warranties for plumbing systems. • The seller provides a recent inspection report showing the sewer line is in excellent condition. • There are no large trees near the property, and the home has modern PVC sewer pipes. Even in these cases, skipping the inspection is a calculated risk. Ensure you’re comfortable with that decision. The Bottom Line Getting the main sewer line scanned with a camera before purchasing a home is a proactive step that can save you from costly repairs and unexpected headaches. While it involves an additional expense and potential delays, the benefits—peace of mind, negotiating power, and protection against future surprises—often outweigh the drawbacks. If you’re purchasing an older home, a property with mature trees nearby, or a home with a history of plumbing issues, a sewer camera inspection is a wise investment. For newer homes or properties with clear documentation of recent inspections, the need may be less urgent, but it’s still worth considering. Ultimately, the decision comes down to your comfort level, the property’s unique circumstances, and your willingness to invest in preventive measures. By carefully evaluating these factors, you can make an informed choice and move forward in your home-buying journey with confidence.